Dr. Braun reviewed kidney cancer biomarkers: histology, DNA, gene expression, KIM-1, and imaging guide therapy; integrated approaches improve outcomes. Dr. Ornstein highlighted HIF2α+TKI combos in RCC: strong response rates and tolerability; OS data needed to define impact on treatment strategy. Dr. Berg outlined the adaptive PDIGREE trial: >1,000 ccRCC pts; nivo±ipi first-line; aims to improve outcomes beyond CR/PD; OS primary endpoint. Dr. Vaena reviewed tivozanib in refractory RCC: improves PFS (~5.6 mo), limited OS benefit; effective in later lines, with ongoing adjuvant studies. The panel discussed RCC combos: balancing efficacy/toxicity, need for durable first-line responses, biomarker limits, dosing concerns, and adaptive trials.