Dr. Tan reported that adjuvant pembrolizumab delivered a 61 % five‑year DFS and a 5.5 % OS gain in high‑risk clear‑cell RCC (KEYNOTE‑564), while ipilimumab + nivolumab sustained a 31 % nine‑year OS in metastatic disease (CheckMate 214). Subsequent approaches showed mixed results: nivolumab‑cabozantinib in PEDIGREE incurred notable grade‑5 toxicity, casdatinib‑cabozantinib in ARC‑20 achieved a 46 % ORR, and an early CAR‑T therapy for clear‑cell RCC produced a 31 % confirmed response.